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- Injury of the sole on a rough or rocky surface (bruise). These bruises are red or yellow early in the course, but turn black or blue later. The sole may separate and a sole ulcer develops. If lameness results, the sole should be trimmed to relieve pressure. Cattle with thin soles (due to overtrimming, rough concrete surfaces, or metabolic disorders) are more susceptible.
- Foreign body penetration of the sole (nails, etc)
- Cranial sole region - abscess formation beneath the sole, between the sole and coffin bone - severe pain - osteomyelitis may develop.
- Caudal sole region - acute severe lameness - infection may spread to the coffin joint or along the flexor tendon sheaths - provide adequate drainage and give systemic antibiotics.
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