| Feeds can be classified broadly as forages or concentrates |
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Forages are feeds high in fiber (Neutral Detergent Insolubles, NDF)
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Composed primarily of the vegetative component of a plant |
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May include the grain head (corn silage, CSG) |
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Are the foundation of dairy rations |
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support the formation of a rumen mat and rumination |
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Forages may be fed fresh (pasture, green chop), wilted, dried (hay), or fermented (silages) |
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Concentrates are energy and/or protein dense feeds |
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Grains and by-products |
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Grains are high in starch, corn, barley , wheat |
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Proteins are high in CP, soy bean meal, canola meal, cotton seed meal |
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Whole seeds are high in fat and CP (and NDF, cotton seeds) |
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By-products such as |
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High NDF - wheat midds, soy hulls, cotton seed hulls |
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High in pectins and sugars - citrus pulp |
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High in fat – candy, bakery waste, … |
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High in CP, NDF and fat – distillers dried grains, brewers grains |
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High fat feeds |
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Tallow, oils, greases, animal vegetable blends |
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Rumen inert fats |
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Mineral supplements |
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Vitamin supplements |
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Additives |
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learn more about feedstuffs: |
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http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/components/DI0469-04.html |
| Energy |
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Must describe what energy in the feed is available to the animal |
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Determined by digestibility |
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Absorbed “energy” is modified by efficiency of utilization |
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Gross energy of a feed |
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9.3 x fat + 4.0 x CHO + 5.6 x CP |
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Digestibility determines what is available for tissue metabolism |
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Forage Analysis |
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Analysis of forage involves all our senses in addition to chemical methodologies |
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Texture, odor, appearance of mold and foreign material, temperature, moisture, acidity, particle size |
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Maintenance of storage facilities and material |
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Especially silage trenches |
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Face management – vertical |
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Removal of 2 to 4 inches per day |
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Density of packing – 15 lbs dm/cubic foot |
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Chemical analysis |
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Sample |
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Frequency needed |
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Dry matter should be done frequently |
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Fields, cuttings, crop |
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Multiple places, scoop not grab, mix, |
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subsample, package |
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Analysis |
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Chemical versus Infrared |
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How detailed a chemical analysis? |
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Depends on ration software utilized |
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Today, for precision feeding you need at least the following: |
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DM |
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CP |
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ADF-CP |
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SP |
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NDF |
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ADF |
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EE |
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Ash |
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Minerals (Macro) |
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Calculate NFC |
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If you don’t get a complete CPM-Dairy analysis, don’t use the program
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| (Sample forage analyses) |
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| Corn Silage Analysis |
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| Fermentation Analysis of Corn Silage |
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| Analysis of Haylage |
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| Fermentation analysis of haylage |
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| Analysis of Gluten Feed |
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| 2001 NRC Estimating TDN of feeds at maintenance (1X) |
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a) tdNFC = .98(100-[(NDF-NDICP) + CP + EE + ASH]) * PAF |
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PAF processing adjustment factor |
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0.87 - 1.04 |
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0.87 mature CSG |
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0.95 cracked corn |
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1.0 ground corn |
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1.04 HMC, ground; flaked corn |
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b) tdCP for forages = CP * e[-1.2 * (ADICP/CP)] |
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c) tdCP for concentrates = [1-(.04 *(ADICP/CP))] * CP |
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d) tdFA = EE - 1 |
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If EE<0 then FA=0 |
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e) tdNDF = .75 * (NDFn - L) *[1 - (L/NDFn).667] |
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NDFn = NDF - NDFCP |
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L = Lignin |
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Metabolic fecal TDN = 7 |
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TDN1x = a + b + c*2.25 + d - 7 |
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| Animal Protein Meals |
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TDN1x = CPdigest*CP + FA*2.25 + .98*(100-CP-ASH-EE) - 7 |
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Cpdigest = estimated true digestibility of CP |
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Whey 1.0 |
BM batch 0.75 BM ring |
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| Fat with glycerol |
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TDN1x = 9.4 *[(FAdigest *.9) * EE/100] + [4.3 * .1 * EE/100] |
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| Fat without glycerol |
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TDN1x = 9.4 *(FAdigest * EE/100) |
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| Discount for level of intake |
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[TDN1x - [(.18 * TDN1x) - 10.3] * Intake]] / TDN1x |
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Intake is incremental above maintenance (e.g. 3-1=2) |
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TDN < 57.2 no discount and no discount >.60 |
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TDN1x excludes fat > 3% |
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Adjust each feed using discount equation to calculate DEp |
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(DEp = DE at production level) |
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MEp = [1.01 * Dep - .45] + .0046*(EE-3) |
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For fat supplements, MEp = DE p |
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NELp = (.703 * MEp) - .19 for feeds < 3% fat |
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NELp = .8 * ME for fat supplements |
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NELp = .703 * MEp - .19 + [(.097*MEp + .19)/97]*(EE-3) |
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| Estimating Net Energy of Feeds for Maintenance and Gain in growing animals |
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ME = 0.82* DE1x |
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NEm = 1.37*ME - 0.138*ME2 + 0.0105*ME3 - 1.12 |
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NEg = 1.42*ME - 0.174*ME2 + 0.0122*ME3 - 1.65 |
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Fats MEp = DEp |
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NEm = 0.8*ME |
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MEg = 0.55*ME |
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| NDF and ADF |
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CSG |
ADF = -1.15 + 0.62*NDF |
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Grass |
ADF = 6.89 + 0.50*NDF |
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Legume |
ADF = -0.73 + 0.82*NDF |
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Minimum from forage |
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NDF |
25% of DM |
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ADF |
19% of DM |
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