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Feed ingredients that may benefit a desired animal response in a non-nutritive role: increased production, increased milk components, improved metabolic performance, improved digestibility.
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| Criteria for use (after M. Hutjens, Univ. Ill.): |
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1) anticipated response |
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2) economic return |
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3) available research |
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4) field responses |
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| Additional considerations: |
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1) Reliability – research data published; how consistent the response |
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2) Repeatability – mean +/- sd, probability of response |
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3) Relativity – response relative to other possible choices and management changes that could replace the additive |
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| Biotin: hoof growth and quality |
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Biotin synthesis may be reduced in the rumen if pH is low due to high grain diets |
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Uses: improve claw health in herds with chronic hoof problems |
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High producing cows |
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High grain rations |
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Recommended feeding: 10 to 20 mg/day; 20 mg/day $0.08 to $.12/head/day |
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10 mg/day dry period and heifers from breeding to calving |
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20 mg/day entire lactation |
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Feed for 6 months in herds with foot problems and evaluate |
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| Protected Choline: controlling fatty liver |
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Function: a methyl donor |
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Choline’s effect on triglyceride transfer from liver in early lactation |
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Methionine sparing: 10 g of choline provides equivalent methyl groups found in 44 g of methionine |
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Rumen degradation of supplemental choline: protected source |
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Encapsulation and fat coating: 60 g product delivers 15 g choline |
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Recommended 15 to 30 g of rumen-protected choline from 21 days prepartum to 50 days postpartum |
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15 g costs $.30/cow/day |
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| Beta-carotene: improve reproductive performance, immune function, mastitis control |
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200 to 300 mg/day; $0.30/head/day |
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Early lactation; Benefits questionable |
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| Anionic Salts and Products: acidify dry cow diets to prevent milk fever |
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Ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, commercial acid treated feeds (Soy-chlor (44, 16), Bio-chlor, Animate, Nutro-chlor), hydrochloric acid sprayed on feed |
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Reduce diet DCAD to -50 meq/kg |
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Unpalatable, expensive ($.40 to $.75/cow/day), need to feed a TMR |
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Feed 2 to 3 weeks prior to calving |
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Monitor urine pH <=7.0 to 6.0 |
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| Ionophores: alter rumen fermentation patterns, increasing propionate production, reducing methane production, and decreasing protein degradation by reducing gram positive bacteria in rumen. |
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Monensin (Rumensin®); Lasalocid (Bovatec®) |
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Coccidiostats in calves |
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Increased growth in heifers |
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Increased milk efficiency in lactating cows |
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Reduced ketosis incidence in transition cows |
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Reduced bloat in cows on lush pastures |
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Dry cows and lactating cows: 300 to 350 mg/head/day (monensin) |
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11 to 22 g/ton of total ration dry matter in TMR |
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300 mg costs $.023/cow/day |
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| Yeast Culture: Live culture of yeast (a fungi) and media it grew on; other products from fermentation processes. |
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Improvement of fiber digestion (NDF) and improved stability of rumen environment. |
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Increases in milk production |
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